Refuting the Link between Autism and Vaccines Research Paper

Refuting the Link between Autism and Vaccines - Research Paper Example Ever since Dr. Wakefield brought into light the link between Autism and the MMR vaccine, the medical world has been thrown into controversy. Charges and counter charges have been made with no clear theory on the validity of the allegation. The medical fraternity, in which Dr. Wakefield was a member, was split into camps with some denying the link and some supporting Dr. Wakefield’s claim. To go by the facts, Dr. Wakefield along with his colleagues found that MMR immunization caused side effects like developing â€Å"intestinal symptoms and subsequent autistic regression† (Kemp & Hart, 2010, para 3) in patients immediately after the immunization. The article that they published, claiming the link between Autism and the MMR vaccine, created havoc as parents showed full resistance to the immunization process of their babies (Kemp & Hart, 2010). Parents also questioned the use of thimerosal, a by-product of mercury, as a preservative in the vaccine. Following Wakefield†™s findings, further studies have been conducted regarding this issue and the result was again a mixed response. Though no substantial evidence of the link could be established, the theory of the harmful effect of thimerosal could not be dispellel. This paper will weigh the different postulations for and against the allegation that vaccines, in particular the MMR vaccine, cause Autism. I will concentrate on the different perspectives related to the controversy. It would focus on issues supporting the allegation like the cover up policy of CDC on the Autism-vaccine true picture, the unprecedented use of thimerosal in vaccines for commercial reasons; as well as on the opposite views that nullifies the claim on the basis of lack of evidence and research findings. Considering the absence of substantial proof about the possible link, I could not support Wakefield’s theory. In placing my argument refuting the link between Autism and the MMR vaccine, I will focus on unbiased con crete data based research outcomes and established theories. Claims That Autism is Linked to Vaccines Following Dr Wakefield’s claim, there has been a spate of studies on the same topic (Kemp & Hart, 2010). A number of scientists and research professionals have claimed the authenticity of Wakefield’s finding. Their support of the theory is based on certain research outcomes that indicate a possible link between Autism and the MMR vaccine, containing thimerosal (mercury) and aluminium. They claim that the MMR vaccine is the main reason for the growing rate of Autism in children. The proponents of the possible link explain that as the onset of Autism is determined to be at the age of 2 years, also the age at which MMR immunization is done; there is every possibility of Autism being caused by MMR vaccine. The Culprit Vaccine Habakus (2011, p. 1954) records show that out of 163 articles on the Autism-vaccine issue, 43 of the researched papers theorized in favour of the po ssible link. He is implying that there is a big population among researchers who have suspected the possible effect of the MMR vaccine in causing Autism. Habakus believes that the government and media are conjointly suppressing the research implications of Autism-vaccine link and highlighting those that refute any such possibility. Habakus (2011) concentrates on certain factual details, concrete findings and also draws relevant evidences and builds his argument on them. He starts his case by pointing out the incident in which ten

Macroeconomic Transmission Mechanism Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomic Transmission Mechanism Essay Macroeconomic Transmission Mechanism of International Oil Price Rise: The Indian Situation In this Article, an effort has been made to trace the impact of an increase in international oil prices on Indian economy outlining the various transmission mechanisms. These transmission mechanisms take into account some of the important macroeconomic relationships, as relevant to the Indian context, and the administered nature of domestic oil price in India. The three broad channels through which the international oil prices impact the macroeconomy are identified as the (a) Import channel, (b) Price channel and (c) The fiscal channel. (a) A rise in international price of oil will translate to higher import bill for oil for the net oil importing countries like India (see, Table 1 and 2). Under the reasonable assumption of low price elasticity of demand for oil, ceteris paribus, the trade balance will worsen due to an increase in international oil price. Rise in inflation due to increase in oil prices means that the growth in real GDP is even lower. The compression in aggregate domestic demand dampens growth. In figure 1, the import channel is indicated by the link from international oil prices to current account balance to nominal GDP. Although managed float, the nominal exchange rate in India is observed to be determined solely by the capital account and not by the current account in the present Indian context. The second order adjustment to higher import bill and worsened trade balance occurs only through contraction in aggregate demand and decline in imports and it does not occur through movements in exchange rate (depreciation). Finally, it is expected that the slowdown in economic growth would subsequently reduce the demand for imports which, in turn, would partially mitigate the adverse impact of high international oil prices on trade balance. (b) The price channel links the international prices to domestic inflation. For a typical developing country like India facing an oil price hike in the international market, an unhindered pass-through of oil price increase leads to a jump in the general price level on account of direct use of oil at higher prices plus increase in costs of production of final goods using oil as an input. Modelling the passthrough of oil prices through an input-output system, Jha and Mundle (1987) estimated that in India if the administered prices of crude oil, gas and petroleum products increase by 7 percent, the overall WPI increases by 1 percent (i.e. the total elasticity to be 0.14). Recently the Reserve Bank of India (2011) has estimated that every 10 percent increase in global crude prices, if fully passed through to domestic prices, could have a direct impact of 1 percentage point increase in overall WPI inflation and the total impact could be about 2 percentage points over time as input cost increases translate to higher output prices across sectors. Greater the share of fuel in total consumption basket, larger would be the influence of international commodity prices on inflation. (see, Table 2 for other empirical studies relating to India) In India, a large proportion of the international oil price increase has traditionally been absorbed by the government (and shared with public sector oil producing and retailing companies). The objectives for regulation of price of oil have been three-fold: (a) To protect the domestic economy from volatility in international oil prices ; . (b) To provide merit goods to all households, e.g., clean cooking fuels like LPG, natu ral gas and kerosene to replace use of biomass-based fuels such as firewood and dung; and (c) To protect poor consumers so that they may obtain kerosene (through PDS) and LPG at affordable rates. In the recent years, there has been a change in the oil pricing policy with a move towards market determined oil prices. The extent of price regulation varies across products in the oil basket, with minimum control existing for petrol and very little pass-through for LPG and kerosene. The domestic price of oil is administered, which is essentially a policy decision, and thereby determines the degree of pass-through of the change in international prices to domestic oil prices. In figure 1, the price channel is indicated by the link from international oil prices to increase in administered prices to WPI inflation. (c) The third channel of transmission of oil price shock considered here is the fiscal channel. In the absence of a complete pass-through, an international oil price Increase will raise the subsidy on oil and therefore the revenue expenditure of the government. Furthermore, in India, the oil prices are subsidised, but they also generate substantial tax revenues both for the centre and the states because of an increase in ad valorem tax collections on oil and petroleum products that would have to be netted out to arrive at the net addition to oil subsidy given by the government.

Essays on The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock:Tthe Missing Female :: Love Song J. Alfred Prufrock

The Missing Female in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock For Eliot, poetic representation of a powerful female presence created difficulty in embodying the male. In order to do so, Eliot avoids envisioning the female, indeed, avoids attaching gender to bodies.   We can see this process clearly in "The Love Song of J. Prufrock." The poem circles around not only an unarticulated question, as all readers agree, but also an unenvisioned center, the "one" whom Prufrock addresses. The poem never visualizes the woman with whom Prufrock imagines an encounter except in fragments and in plurals -- eyes, arms, skirts - synecdoches we might well imagine as fetishistic replacements. But even these synecdochic replacements are not clearly engendered. The braceleted arms and the skirts are specifically feminine, but the faces, the hands, the voices, the eyes are not. As if to displace the central human object it does not visualize, the poem projects images of the body onto the landscape (the sky, the streets, the fog), but these images, for all their m arked intimation of sexuality, also avoid the designation of gender (the muttering retreats of restless nights, the fog that rubs, licks, and lingers). The most visually precise images in the poem are those of Prufrock himself, a Prufrock carefully composed – "My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin, / My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin" -- only to be decomposed by the watching eyes of another into thin arms and legs, a balding head brought in upon a platter. Moreover, the images associated with Prufrock are themselves, as Pinkney observes, terrifyingly unstable, attributes constituting the identity of the subject at one moment only to be wielded by the objective the next, like the pin that centers his necktie and then pinions him to the wall or the arms that metamorphose into Prufrock's claws. The poem, in these

Knowledge Is Weakness

Knowledge is Weakness The phrase â€Å"knowledge is power† implies that with knowledge one’s potential or abilities in life will surely increase. Having and sharing knowledge is generally regarded as a basis for improving one’s reputation and thus power. In this modern sense, knowledge seems to be a positive notion that improves quality of life, but in fact through the study of biblical text it is clear that the acquisition of knowledge has not always brought positive results. In the book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were the first people to recognize that the result of knowledge is harmful and so is the â€Å"power† it brings.The consequence of knowing is not power; knowledge is a damaging force that is not all good like the modern western world believes, but rather it creates fear, weakness and makes life more difficult. Adam and Eve’s desires to know good and evil causes them to be fearful and disgraceful, not powerful like god. Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden, a wonderful place where they could â€Å"eat freely out of every tree† except for the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2. 16). Everything god created was good, and no evil existed in the Garden of Eden.Adam and Eve were specifically warned not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil or they would die. When Eve learned from the serpent that the forbidden fruit would make her â€Å"like god† and give her â€Å"knowledge of good and evil†, they disobeyed god’s instructions. Incapable to control their hunger for knowledge, Adam and Eve ate the fruit that god specifically forbid them from enjoying. They immediately realized they were naked and when god came looking for them they hid since Adam and Eve were â€Å"afraid because [they] were naked. Adam and Eve’s actions, a direct result of their desire to know, made them afraid and shameful, not powerful. Instead of existing forever in a garden where everyth ing was good, the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained has afflicted man with fear and disgrace that cannot be undone. Adam and Eve are shunned from the Garden of Eden, and their lives become tremendously more difficult due to their unrelenting desire to know. They lived in a place where a gracious god gave them fruit to eat, and everything was good.When the serpent explained to Eve that she could be like god and know good and evil, she could not curb her desire to become â€Å"wise† (Gen 3. 6). Adam and Eve ate from the forbidden tree and gained knowledge about good and evil. God realized that Adam and Eve had disobeyed him, and he punished them severely. The punishment included being shunned from their home in the Garden of Eden. Women would now have great â€Å"pain in childbirth† and men will toil the land for their own food (Gen 3. 16).This new knowledge did not make them powerful, but instead the consequences made them weak. The lives of humans became exponentially more difficult due to the knowledge that Adam and Eve gained. Adam and Eve became weak because of their new knowledge, not powerful like western society believes is the result of knowledge. The knowledge that Adam and Eve received after eating the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil does not give them power but has a polar opposite effect.Once they disobey god to pursue knowledge, they become fearful and weak. There is good knowledge and bad knowledge; though the modern world seems to forget the biblical example of Adam and Eve which demonstrates how dangerous the pursuit of knowledge can be. There is a dark side to knowledge, and the results that it brings can be disastrous. One must never forget the example of Adam and Eve which commands us to be aware of the knowledge that we pursue and the implications that that knowledge has.

Operations Management †Toyota Essay

Introduction Toyota is the leading manufacturer of automobiles in the World today. Looking back at the history of Toyota, the company was on the brink of bankruptcy by the end of 1949, however Toyota has successfully gained the status of number one car manufacturer in the World and has held onto that status even though Toyota has faced massive hurdles over the past 5 years. A major factor to the success of Toyota is due to effective Quality Management in the form of company practices that have been replicated all over the World by major organisation’s to date. Toyota engages a stringent management system based on founding principles of operations management and excellence, such as the Toyota Production System (TPS). By spearheading such programmes, Toyota has enjoyed substantial growth and worldwide success. Throughout this assignment I shall explore the importance of Toyota’s operations management schemes and measure the relative success of the overall strategic managements objectives. 1.1 The Importance of effective operations management in achieving organizational objectives of Toyota as a leading manufacturer and supplier of automobiles? Operations Management can be simply defined as the function of effectively and efficiently managing the process of production and business operations both internally and externally. A simple definition however does not do justice for the broad scope that encompasses operations management and the vital role it plays in making an organisation successful and competitive in today’s market. Companies that employ a successful operations management programme have strategic planning, tactical input and operational success. Companies that do not utilise this operations function face difficulties in market trend short sightedness and lack of competitive edge that can ultimately result in a decline of customers, loss of market share and eventual closure of the company. Operations management as a key strategy can be implemented through all facets of a company, from the front end of the company dealing with the customers, to the process side of the company dealing with developing a product or offering a service. To effectively engage operations management, is to maintain operations excellence, which in turn is the function of remaining consistent and never dropping below that set platform of quality. Toyota was a relatively unknown entity when it opened its first car dealership in the US in 1957, some 5 decades later it is the Worlds No. 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota has achieved this greatly in part due to the successful operations management practices pioneered in the organisation. These practices can be seen as a benchmark for excellence and success. Such practices, as the world renowned Toyota Production System or TPS have become a way of life in the organisation. The TPS philosophy is to provide the best quality, lowest cost and shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. The TPS incorporates an urge for effectiveness within the organisation, this has in turn driven Toyota’s success, by making Toyota effective in understanding it’s customers needs and efficiently and effectively catering for those needs. Corporate goals have trickled down throughout the company being driven by a revolutionary Toyota Production System that has secured an efficient f low of productivity from Toyota’s supply chain, to manufacturing and subsequently catering for the customers needs on both quality and value. This has given Toyota a competitive edge over other car manufacturers and has been a driving force behind its success. Once an effective quality management system is in place, it is important to maintain and improve on it, Toyota successfully does this through a process called â€Å"Kaizen.† Kaizen which literally means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† is the process of breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and quickly putting it back together, in a better way, i.e. a change for good. With the Kaizen philosophy working hand in hand with the TPS, Toyota has been able to further reduce â€Å"Waste† and improve on company processes making the organisation more efficient, more effective and more competitive. Kaizen also encourages employees to be free thinkers, which is part of a decentralised management process that encourages innovation. Kaizen constantly determines new ways to improve on processes, be it in the manufacturing facility, supply chain, identifying market trends or administration processes, kaizen as an operations management function has helped Toyota become a leading manufacturer. Another technique that can be attributed to successful strategic operations management and is a major contributor to the company’s success is the offensive strategy applied by Toyota. Toyota is a long-term planner, not necessarily responding to quarterly numbers, but rather pioneering the technological advances. A good example of this is with the Toyota Prius Hybrid, which when it was launched in 2000, the price of fuel was still reasonable comparably to todays terms. This far sightedness has guaranteed Toyota success and earned them an image of being a pioneer of Green initiatives and helped them stay one step ahead of the competition. It is fair to say that Toyota’s massive success over the past few decades is due to a constant belief in strong management principles and the continuous advancement of these principles, innovation and strategic alignment. These principles all fall under effective operations management and if it wasn’t for Toyota’s continuous strive for strategic alignment, then the company would not be as successful as it is today. 1.2 Critically evaluate the success of existing operations management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives To date, we can see that the overall effect of the operations management processes in place at Toyota is a very positive one. Toyota has become the Worlds number 1 automobile manufacturer greatly due to the processes and company principles implemented through operations management. The decentralised management philosophy has paved the way for free thinkers, innovation and has kept Toyota ahead of the game. The â€Å"Just in time† principle, one of the pillars of TPS has helped Toyota maintain a healthy production load and not overburdened itself with excess stock, therefore helping Toyota focus revenue on other streams. The principle of Kaizen has pushed Toyota to always seek to better itself and be more effective. These principles implemented by operations management can be seen in the â€Å"Global Vision Statement† of Toyota. Global Vision â€Å"Toyota will lead the way to the future of mobility, enriching lives around the world with the safest and most responsible ways of moving people. Through our commitment to quality, constant innovation and respect for the planet, we aim to exceed expectations and be rewarded with a smile. We will meet our challenging goals by engaging the talent and passion of people, who believe there is always a better way.† Toyota’s goals are clearly defined in the Global Vision statement above (www.toyota.com). Toyota has in most respects met that global visions statement and maintained it through the operations management processes in place. That is the rosy side to the knock on effects of Toyota’s operation management programmes, however, there is a downside too. Toyota, being famous for cost cutting initiatives but not at the expense of quality may have taken their own philosophy too far. In 2006 and 2007 Toyota faced a problem that they believed they would never face, a problem with quality. Toyota had to recall millions of cars due to faulty components. This came in the wake of massive earnings from profitable years before the problem occurred. These profits however were earned at the expense of cost cutting techniques and expanding too fast to manage the demand meeting the stringent Toyota quality standards. The recall did tarnish Toyota’s name somewhat in the market place, but they met this problem with the initiative we have come to expect from the World’s leading and innovative car manufacturer. Toyota quickly identified the problem and addressed it. It seemed to have occurred due to rapid expansion, having to open new manufacturing facilities and not being able to train staff the â€Å"Toyota way† due to lack of t ime to meet demand. This, I’m sure has served as a valuable lesson to Toyota, and has probably resulted in inward reviewing of the current operations management model; To what extent do we reduce â€Å"waste,† how many corners can we cut before we trade off or effect the quality of our product and inevitably the image of our brand? Another hurdle Toyota faced was the devastating natural disaster in the form of an earthquake and tsunami in 2011. This catastrophe shook the whole of Japan and the World. Toyota spearheaded the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy, an integral pillar of the Toyota Production system, that simply speaking means build what you need, when you need it. The principle behind this philosophy is sound, resulting in ease of production, less storage and less overheads, however in the wake of an unforeseen natural disaster it has huge negative consequences. Japan equates to 50-60% of Toyota’s total global manufacturing capabilities and also necessitates one of its largest supply chains. Due to the â€Å"Just in time† philosophy of only manufacturing products when required, Toyota faced a shortage of automobiles and supply chain products in the wake of the natural disasters that hit Japan. Other car manufacturers that have their global operations evenly spread throughout the World and within largest target markets and that also stock up on products would have been in a better position than Toyota to deal with the natural disaster that struck them. But as an overall evaluation of the operations management processes, you would be hard fetched to not be able to stand back and admire Toyota’s global success. Toyota has grown from a relatively unknown entity, into the World’s Number 1 automobile manufacturer. Toyota lost its crown as number 1 in 2011 after the devastating tsunami, but quickly bounced back to reclaim it in 2012, mainly due to its operations management processes and continuous strategic alignment. 2.1 List out top three quality initiatives and explain the importance of effective quality management and the role in achieving Toyota’s objectives Quality Management is vitally important if a company wishes to excel and compete effectively with its competition. Effective quality management can be introduced in many forms. I am going to discuss 3 of Toyota’s quality management processes that I have identified as having the most impact on overall operational excellence. Toyota Production System Kiichiro Toyoda the founder of the Toyota Automobile business firstly created the concept of â€Å"Just in time.† TPS was then further developed using this concept by Taichi Ohno the Toyota Chief of Production in the post World War 2 period. Toyota’s success as a leading automobile manufacturer is due to its unique production system. The concept of the TPS is to build the best quality, through the lowest cost, in the shortest lead-time through the elimination of waste. A simple definition can be found on the Toyota website; â€Å"The Toyota Production System (TPS) was established based on two concepts: The first is called â€Å"Jidoka† (which can be loosely translated as â€Å"automation with a human touch†) which means that when a problem occurs, the equipment stops immediately, preventing defective products from being produced; The second is the concept of â€Å"Just-in-Time,† in which each process produces only what is needed by the next process in a continuous flow.† (Toyota website www.toyota-global.com). The Just-in-Time philosophy involves 3 main aspects, TAKT Time, flow production and the pull system, which work together to form the main attributes of â€Å"Just-in-Time.† As is illustrated from the Toyota Production System â€Å"House,† the TPS as an operational management function aims to create a working harmony, that eliminates waste, develops efficiency through more automation and ultimately creates a better working environment that will benefit the customer. The use of â€Å"Jidoka† promotes fewer defects and when they do occur the problem can be rooted out immediately. TPS works as a solid foundation for the other operational management processes that are in place within Toyota and is an integral part of the company’s success. (This coupled with the ease of efficiently producing the highest quality product for the customer through the â€Å"Just-in-Time† philosophy has helped Toyota in achieving its objectives of being a leading manufacturer of the highest quality products. Kaizen Kaizen is a major factor when considering lean production techniques. The definition of Kaizen, which means â€Å"Change† and â€Å"Good† which equates to the meaning â€Å"A change for good,† literally is the process of making something better. Kaizen means breaking apart the current situation, analysing it and then putting it back together. A kaizen activity can last up to 5 days, in which a team is put to work to identify and significantly improve a process, through planning and then implementing it. A kaizen activity can result from a problem being identified or a need to improve on an aspect of the company manufacturing or process. The philosophy of Kaizen entails a process called â€Å"Gemba,† which is used for when a problem occurs, Toyota promotes going to the source of the problem, or going to the â€Å"Gemba†. Due to the automation or Jidoka in place, when a problem arises it is almost immediately identified and therefore less manufacturing defects arise. Gemba also encourages rooting out any problems straight away, it also entails developing a quick on the spot solution for an occurrence, until an effective one can be devised through the process of Kaizen. The technique of kaizen has been utilised by Toyota in developing a way of life within the organisation. Kaizen is promoted in every level and facet of the organisation. Employees are encouraged to be free thinkers and to constantly improve on processes, manufacturing techniques, time saving techniques and waste management. This has been fundamental in developing Toyota as a high quality and reliable brand name. The process of Kaizen is one of the top quality management initiatives that have been instrumental in Toyota reaching the top spot it enjoys today and of course maintaining that effectiveness. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management (SCM) plays a major contribution to the success of a company, or be it the failure if the SCM function is not effective. Toyota has a unique philosophy when it comes to managing their supply chain. Toyota considers suppliers as partners and therefore invests in them. Toyota carefully manages its supply chain, making sure that the complete process works on a pull system, pulling products from the supply chain and into the manufacturing cycle only when it is required. Toyota can even loan out workers and higher management to overlook the supply chain operations when demand is high. Toyota works on joint understanding and trust and encourages relationship-building exercises that add to the sleekness functioning of the whole process of working with and dealing with Toyota. By developing long-term partnerships, the suppliers become a part of the Toyota team and fit into the â€Å"Toyota way,† which in turn makes them a more effective partner for Toyota. In o rder to stay competitive Toyota encourages the lean manufacturing principle throughout its supply chain, giving the highest quality product, at the lowest cost in the shortest lead-time. Through this investment and relationship building, Toyota has created a SCM system that can be relied on for both quality and efficiency. Toyota has developed a strategy for every aspect of the supply chain from logistics, to quality management, just in time and lean production. Toyota, knowing it is solely responsible for its supply chain in its customer’s eyes, has effectively developed the supply chain to become a part of Toyota itself. Because of such attention to detail and effective operations management techniques Toyota has realised its goals of becoming a leading manufacturer of automobiles and has maintained that position greatly in part by maintaining a consistency of quality by ensuring their supply chain is always efficient and effective. 2.2 Discuss the level of success of existing quality management processes in meeting Toyota’s overall strategic management objectives Toyota has grown to see enormous worldwide success, due to its constant quest for excellence. The most visible part of this drive for excellence is Toyota’s manufacturing philosophy the Toyota Production System (TPS). The foundation for Toyota’s strategic management objectives can be seen in this Quote. Waste (â€Å"muda† in Japanese) is ‘anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and worker’s time, which are absolutely essential to add value to the product.’ — Shoichiro Toyoda Founder, Toyota It has and always will be the underlying principle of Toyota to cut down on waste and deliver the best quality product in the most efficient way, which means developing a smooth obstacle free manufacturing process, with little waste and inventory. Toyota achieved its strategic management objectives through revolutionary cutting edge operations management techniques that have been replicated all over the World. These principles of lean manufacturing drastically reduce â€Å"Costs† that are associated with holding inventory, equipment, material, people resources and save time, which in itself has a value. This has successfully helped Toyota to become more competitive and increase its net profit making it a strong and durable leading automobile manufacturer. Conclusion After World War 2, Toyota was faced with the reality that change was necessary if it wanted to succeed and grow into an automobile manufacturer that could compete with the World’s giants such as Ford. If it weren’t for the Operations Management processes implemented and fine-tuned over the years then Toyota would never have got off the ground. It is evident that the constant strategic goal of operating more efficiently has been the crucial factor in Toyota’s success, coupled with the decentralised management philosophy, allowing the company to freely think and improve itself from an operational standing. Today, Toyota stands as an educational example of strategic excellence and a success story for people and companies to admire throughout the World. Reference http://www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/csr_initiatives/corporate_governance.html http://www.toyota-global.com/investors/ir_library/annual/pdf/2011/p35_37.pdf http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2423 http://mediabuzz.monster.com/news/articles/944-toyota-a-once-mighty-brand-tarnished-how-it-all-went-wrong http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2011/04/08/japan-quake-tsunami-take-heavy-toll-on-toyota/ http://www.advancebusinessconsulting.com/advance!/strategic-alignment/strategi c-alignment-business-cases/the-rise-of-toyota.aspx Toyota Scm .slidesContainer img { border: none } var slideshare_object = { flagging: {"update_url":"https://www.slideshare.net/main/flag?slideshow_id=5704145","is_flagged":false}, user: {"userGroup":"non-member","login":"guest","id":null,"loggedin":false,"name":null,"is_valid_fbuser":false,"fb_userid":null,"is_pro":"false","su":false,"is_test_user":false,"has_uploads":null,"is_li_connected":false,"is_li_auto_created_user":false,"show_li_connect_cta":false,"has_privacy_enabled":null,"li_tracking_url":"https://www.linkedin.com/li/track"}, timer: { start: (new Date()).getTime(), end: '', execTime: '' }, top_nav: { get_url: "/top_nav"}, li_bar: {get_url: "/li_bar"}, dev: false, init: [], feature_flag: [], is_ssl: true, rum_pagekey: "desktop_slideview_embed_code_loggedout", slideshow: { id: 5704145, is_clickgen_enabled: 'false', clickgen_url: '' } }; var _jspl = {} _jspl.pageInitTime = (new Date()).getTime(); window._gaq = []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount','UA-2330466-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', '.slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_addIgnoredRef', 'slideshare.net']); _gaq.push(['_setCustomVar', 2, 'document_referrer', document.referrer]); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/embedPlayerView']); (function(){ // google analytics var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 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Share Email Toyota SCM by Aniruddh Tiwari 42231 views Supply Chain Management of TOYOTA..... by Sabio Bernard 134707 views Toyota logistics by Aliaksey Narko 17912 views Toyota Supply Chain Management by Mà ¡rcio Alexsandro... 30904 views Toyota Supply chain Management by Siddhi Suthar 24385 views Toyota Production System by mohammadaarifkhan 22548 views Share SlideShare Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Embed Size (px) Show related SlideShares at end WordPress Shortcode Link 1 1 of 21 View on SlideShare a.ssml_a {display:block;position:absolute;} div.ssml_div span {white-space: pre;vertical-align:top; position:absolute;} a.ssml_img {background-color:#fff;opacity:0;filter:alpha(opacity=0)} .ssml_div span {line-height:normal;} .ssml_div div {line-height:normal;} .ssml_div{font-size:16px;} $.ajax({ url : 'https://www.slideshare.net/pingback/embed_or_homepageplayerhits/5704145', type : 'GET', data : { ref : 'https://studymoose.com/operations-management-toyota-essay' }, cache : false }); Toyota Scmfrom udapat http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/ Web Page Operations Management Slide by Dr. Ahmad Syamil http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505145_162-57581115/toyota-still-no-1-but-race-tightening/ Web Page Toyota’s 21st Century Diversity strategy

Maths Coursework Trays Essays

Maths Coursework Trays Essays Maths Coursework Trays Essay Maths Coursework Trays Essay In this coursework candidates were given a task entitled Trays. The task consisted of a shopkeepers statement upon the volume of a tray which was to be made from an 1818 piece of card. The shopkeepers statement was that, When the area of the base is the same as the area of the four sides, the volume of the tray will be maximum. By saying this, the shopkeeper basically meant that when the area of the base of the tray is equal to the total area of the sides the volume of the tray will be at its highest. We were told to investigate this claim.Plan.1. I will investigate the different sizes of tray possible from an 1818 piece of card.2. After gaining my results I will then put them in a table.3. I will try to spot any patterns from my table.4. I will express any patterns or other formulae in mathematical notation.To investigate the different volumes given by different trays, I first decide to cut the corners in ascending order from 1-8. (The longest possible corner could only be 8 as after this there would be no base.) After this I worked out the formula needed to work out the volume for the various trays. For the corner size 11 the way I worked out the volume was 16x16x1 which equalled 256cm. Thus the formula to work out the volume for a tray made by an 18x18cm card is (n 2X) x X. In this formula the letter X represents the size of the corner. I tried my formula for the corner length of 2cm,(18- 2 x 2) x 2(n 2 x X) x X(n 2 x X) x XI take off two the corners from each side as the card is square.After finding out the formula I worked out the volume for the remaining trays.CornersVolume (cm)16x16x11x125614x14x22x239212x12x33x343210x10x44x44008x8x55x53206x6x66x62164x4x77x71122x2x88x832From my table I can see that the highest volume for a tray made by 18x18cm card is 432 cm this volume is reached if the corners cut are 3cm x 3cm. I can also see that the volume of the tray rises as the length of each corner rises until the corner size goes over 3. After this the volume starts to decrease as the size of the corner increases.After working out the volume for the trays I went on to work out the area of the bases of the trays along with the areas of the sides of the trays. I worked out the area of the base of the tray by finding the size of the side after the corner had been cut off and then square this number. For example to find out the area of the base of the tray where the corners were 1x1cm ,I first found out the size of the sides which were 16 and squared it. The answer was 256cm . The formula for this was (n 2x) which out would be 18 (n) minus 2 times 1(x) squared. I than proceeded to work out the area of the sides, which would be essential in proving that the shopkeeper is right. To work out the are of the sides of the tray I used the formula 4x (n- 2x). Here again the n represents the size of card 18cm. The x represents the size of the corner. You have to times your answer by four as there are four sides. To work out the area of the sides for a corner sized 1x1cm the calculations would be:4x (n 2x)4 x 1 (18 2 x 1)4 ( 16 )64cmCornersVolume cmArea of base cmArea of sides cm1x1256256642x23921961123x34321441444x44001001605x5320641606x6216361447x7112161128x832464From my results I can see that in regards to the area of the base, the area lowers as the corner size is increased. However the area of the sides increases as the size of the corner increases until the corner reaches the size 44 cm. After this the areas are repeated in reverse order.I then looked at my results to see whether any areas matched.I noticed that for the corner size of 3x3cm the areas matched as the area of the base was 144cm and the area of the sides was 144cm . I also noticed that the highest volume for a tray made from an 18 by 18cm piece of card was 432cm which also derived from the corner size 3cmX 3cm. I can thus make the conclusion that the shopkeeper is right.However to make sure that 432cm was the highest possible volum e available from an 18 by 18 piece of card I decided to use decimals. I decided on investigating corners of 2.9cm and 3.1cm . I used the same formulas.CornersVolumeArea of base cmArea of sides cm2.92.9431.636148.84141.52334321441443.13.1431.64139.24146.32From these set of results I can see that the corner size of 3cm has a higher volume than the corner 2.9cm or the corner 3.1cm. Also the areas of the sides and of the base only match when the corners cut out are equal to 3cm. I can therefore make the conclusion that to get the maximum volume from an 18cm by 18 cm card you need to have to cut out corners of three centimetres.I decided to see whether the shopkeepers theory was correct on different sized square cards. The card of which the trays would now be made will be sized 20 x 20 cm. I transferred the same formulae for the 18 x 18cm card. I recorded the following results:CornersVolume cmArea of base cmArea of sides cm1x1324324722x25122561283x35881961684x45761441925x55001002006x6364 621927x7294361688x8256161289x9162472You can see from the results that they are very similar to those which were recorded on the 18 by 18cm card. However there is one main difference, the maximum volume is not given when both the areas of the base and area of sides is equal. Thus I graphed the area of the sides against the area of the base.You can see from my graph that the two area values crossed between 3 and 4 consequently the highest value lay between these two numbers if the shopkeeper was right.CornerVolumeArea of baseArea of Sides3.05589.2905193.21169.583.1590.364190.44171.123.15591.2235187.69172.623.2591.872184.96174.083.25592.3125182.25175.53.3592.548179.56176.883.35592.5815176.89178.223.4592.416174.24179.523.45592.0545171.61180.783.5591.51691823.55590.7555166.41183.183.6589.824163.84184.323.65588.7085161.29185.423.7587.412158.76186.483.75585.9375156.25187.53.8584.288153.76188.483.85582.4665151.29189.423.9580.476148.84190.323.95578.3195146.41191.1845761441924.1570.884139.241 93.524.15568.0935136.89194.224.2565.152134.56194.884.25562.0625132.25195.54.3558.828129.96196.084.35555.4515127.69196.62I conclude from my results that the shopkeepers statement is not true on a 20x20cm card.

How Christian Sects Atoned for Racism in the Church

How Christian Sects Atoned for Racism in the Church Racism has infiltrated  every sector in the United States- the armed forces,  schools, housing and, yes, even the church. After the civil rights movement, a number of religious denominations began to racially integrate. In the 21st century, several Christian sects have apologized for their role in supporting slavery, segregation and other forms of racism in the church. The Catholic Church, the Southern Baptist Convention and the United Methodist Church are just a few of the Christian denominations that have admitted to engaging in discriminatory practices and announced that they would instead strive to promote social justice. Heres  how the church has attempted to atone  for acts of racism. Southern Baptists Split From Past The Southern Baptist Convention arose after Baptists in the North and the South clashed on the issue of slavery in 1845. The Southern Baptists are the largest Protestant denomination in the country and are known for not only backing slavery but also racial segregation. In June 1995, however, the Southern Baptists apologized for supporting racial injustice. At its yearly meeting in Atlanta, the Southern Baptists passed a resolution â€Å"to repudiate historic acts of evil, such as slavery, from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest.† The group also specifically apologized to African Americans â€Å"for condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime, and we genuinely repent of racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously.† In June 2012, the Southern Baptist Convention garnered headlines for making racial progress after electing a black pastor, Fred Luter Jr., its president. Methodist Church Seeks Forgiveness For Racism United Methodist Church officials have  confessed to centuries of racism.  Delegates to its general conference in 2000 apologized to black churches that fled from the church because of bigotry. â€Å"Racism has lived like a malignancy in the bone marrow of this church for years,† said Bishop William Boyd Grove. â€Å"It is high time to say we’re sorry.† Blacks were among the first Methodists in the United States back in the 18th century, but the issue of slavery divided the church along regional and racial lines. Black Methodists ended up forming the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church because white Methodists excluded them. As recently as the 1960s, white Methodist churches in the South banned blacks from worshipping with them. Episcopal Church Apologizes for Involvement in Slavery At its 75th general convention in 2006, the Episcopal Church apologized for supporting the institution of slavery. The church issued a resolution declaring that the institution of slavery â€Å"is a sin and a fundamental betrayal of the humanity of all persons who were involved.† The church acknowledged that slavery was a sin in which it had partaken. â€Å"The Episcopal Church lent the institution of slavery its support and justification based on Scripture, and after slavery was formally abolished, the Episcopal Church continued for at least a century to support de jure and de facto segregation and discrimination,† the church confessed in its resolution. The church apologized for its history of racism and asked for forgiveness. Moreover, it directed its Committee on Anti-Racism to monitor the church’s ties to slavery and segregation and had its presiding bishop name a Day of Repentance to acknowledge its wrongdoing. Catholic Officials Deem Racism Morally Wrong Officials in the Catholic Church acknowledged that racism was morally questionable as far back as 1956, when other churches routinely practiced racial segregation. That year, New Orleans Archbishop Joseph Rummel penned the pastoral â€Å"The Morality of Racial Segregation† in which he stated, â€Å"Racial segregation as such is morally wrong and sinful because it is a denial of the unity-solidarity of the human race as conceived by God in the creation of Adam and Eve.† He announced that the Catholic Church would cease to practice segregation in its schools. Decades after Rummel’s groundbreaking pastoral, Pope John Paul II begged God’s forgiveness for several sins the church condoned, including racism.

Understanding Momentum in Physics

Understanding Momentum in Physics Momentum is a derived quantity, calculated by multiplying the mass, m (a scalar quantity) times velocity, v (a vector quantity). This means that the momentum has a direction and that direction is always the same direction as the velocity of an objects motion. The variable used to represent momentum is p. The equation to calculate momentum is shown below. Equation for Momentum:p mv The SI units of momentum are kilograms * meters per second, or kg*m/s. Vector Components and Momentum As a vector quantity, momentum can be broken down into component vectors. When you are looking at a situation on a 3-dimensional coordinate grid with directions labeled x, y, and z, for example, you can talk about the component of momentum that goes in each of these three directions: px mvxpy mvypz mvz These component vectors can then be re-constituted together using the techniques of vector mathematics, which includes a basic understanding of trigonometry. Without going into the trig specifics, the basic vector equations are shown below: p px py pz mvx mvy mvz Conservation of Momentum One of the important properties of momentum and the reason its so important in doing physics is that it is a conserved quantity. That is to say that the total momentum of a system will always stay the same, no matter what changes the system goes through (as long as new momentum-carrying objects are not introduced, that is). The reason that this is so important is that it allows physicists to make measurements of the system before and after the systems change and make conclusions about it without having to actually know every specific detail of the collision itself. Consider a classic example of two billiard balls colliding together. (This type of collision is called an elastic collision.) One might think that to figure out whats going to happen after the collision, a physicist will have to carefully study the specific events that take place during the collision. This actually isnt the case. Instead, you can calculate the momentum of the two balls before the collision (p1i and p2i, where the i stands for initial). The sum of these is the total momentum of the system (lets call it pT, where T stands for total) and after the collision- the total momentum will be equal to this, and vice versa. (The momenta of the two balls after the collision is p1f and p1f, where the f stands for final.) This results in the equation: Equation for Elastic Collision:pT p1i p2i p1f p1f If you know some of these momentum vectors, you can use those to calculate the missing values, and construct the situation. In a basic example, if you know that ball 1 was at rest (p1i 0) and you measure the velocities of the balls after the collision and use that to calculate their momentum vectors, p1f and p2f, you can use these three values to determine exactly the momentum p2i must have been. (You can also use this to determine the velocity of the second ball prior to the collision, since p / m v.) Another type of collision is called an inelastic collision, and these are characterized by the fact that kinetic energy is lost during the collision (usually in the form of heat and sound). In these collisions, however, momentum is conserved, so the total momentum after the collision equals the total momentum, just as in an elastic collision: Equation for Inelastic Collision:pT p1i p2i p1f p1f When the collision results in the two objects sticking together, it is called a perfectly inelastic collision, because the maximum amount of kinetic energy has been lost. A classic example of this is firing a bullet into a block of wood. The bullet stops in the wood and the two objects that were moving now become a single object. The resulting equation is: Equation for a Perfectly Inelastic Collision:m1v1i m2v2i (m1 m2)vf Like with the earlier collisions, this modified equation allows you to use some of these quantities to calculate the other ones. You can, therefore, shoot the block of wood, measure the velocity at which it moves when being shot, and then calculate the momentum (and therefore velocity) at which the bullet was moving prior to the collision. Momentum and the Second Law of Motion Newtons Second Law of Motion tells us that the sum of all forces (well call this Fsum, though the usual notation involves the Greek letter sigma) acting on an object equal the mass times acceleration of the object. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. This is the derivative of velocity with respect to time, or dv/dt, in calculus terms. Using some basic calculus, we get: Fsum ma m * dv/dt d(mv)/dt dp/dt In other words, the sum of the forces acting on an object is the derivative of the momentum with respect to time. Together with the conservation laws described earlier, this provides a powerful tool for calculating the forces acting on a system. In fact, you can use the above equation to derive the conservation laws discussed earlier. In a closed system, the total forces acting on the system will be zero (Fsum 0), and that means that dPsum/dt 0. In other words, the total of all momentum within the system will not change over time which means that the total momentum Psum must remain constant. Thats the conservation of momentum!

Strict Censorship Policies of Google Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strict Censorship Policies of Google - Case Study Example The world’s largest search engine then announced redirecting to an uncensored version located in Hong Kong in the hopes of circumventing mainland China’s laws which only heightened Chinese officials’ ire. Furthermore, regardless of Google’s act of leaving China, it remained to be a far competitor from the Haidu, China’s most popular search engine. In the same vein, Google did not lose as much revenue as the Chinese market represented only a small fraction of what comprised the company (Heft and Barboza). As reported by the prevalently government lenient news agency, Xinhua, the government sees that â€Å"regulation on the Internet is a sovereign issue† and that Google has no right to attempt or to impose its own standard on what the government should and should not censor (Na, Yunlu, and Hao, par. 5). There seems to be a great disparity between the conception of human rights as viewed in a Western concept especially among Americans and the en cumbrance of Chinese law which majority of its citizens tend to dismiss. To reiterate, it is difficult to point out people’s rights when they are in fact unaware that such rights do exist.The world’s largest search engine then announced redirecting to an uncensored version located in Hong Kong in the hopes of circumventing mainland China’s laws which only heightened Chinese officials’ ire. Furthermore, regardless of Google’s act of leaving China, it remained to be a far competitor from the Haidu, China’s most popular search engine. In the same vein, Google did not lose as much revenue as the Chinese market represented only a small fraction of what comprised the company (Heft and Barboza). As reported by the prevalently government lenient news agency, Xinhua, the government sees that â€Å"regulation on the Internet is a sovereign issue† and that Google has no right to attempt or to impose its own standard on what the government should and should not censor (Na, Yunlu, and Hao, par. 5). There seems to be a great disparity between the conception of human rights as viewed in a Western concept especially among Americans and, the encumbrance of Chinese law which majority of its citizens tend to dismiss. To reiterate, it is difficult to point out people’s rights when they are in fact unaware that such rights do exist. A country’s business climate must be understood by a business professional in order to have a greater perspective on how to conduct one’s self and how to carry out one’s business in a certain location. This would be applicable on specific matters as people and cultures are diverse. More than this, laws are also an integral part that must be kept in mind to avoid complications that could lead to lawsuits and legal dilemmas. The instant case presents us with two sides of an argument where a company’s very own principle goes against a country’s law and regulations. What may be a common practice in one country may be absolutely prohibited in another and where a company cannot make amends with this fact, then there is inevitably the meandering situation where things are bound not to work out.  

White collar crime #6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

White collar crime #6 - Essay Example fically speaking, it includes â€Å"fraud, bankruptcy fraud, bribery, insider trading, embezzlement, computer crime, medical crime, public corruption, identity theft, environmental crime, pension fund crime, RICO crimes, consumer fraud, occupational crime, securities fraud, financial fraud, and forgery† (Karri & Associates). The concept nowadays is often related to the socio-economic status of an individual involved in the crime. A white collar crime, performed either through computer or through paper, is often committed by people belonging to the middle class or the upper class because people get influenced by their origins. Also, since they belong to high social status, the crime may go undetected. The only thing that distinguishes the white collar crime from a low class crime is that it is implemented in a different way and at a different level. Thus, white collar criminals are only administratively different from lower class criminals. However, , Sutherland’s theory best described the white collar crime because it brought upper class and lower class criminals on same

A Critical Review of Minnesota State University's Student Painting Essay

A Critical Review of Minnesota State University's Student Painting Exhibit - Essay Example The essay "A Critical Review of Minnesota State University's Student Painting Exhibit" discovers the paintings housed at University of Minnesota. Based on the nature of this exhibit, this essay will comment very little on technical talent in the works displayed, as many of the artists featured in the exhibit are learners, and to simply harp on about technical limitations would be a pointless and probably overly-long personal reaction. Rather, it will seek to identify the underlying choices in the development of the exhibit, and highlight particular pieces that accomplish their goals well within this overriding framework. Upon looking at the collection of paintings housed at University of Minnesota, it superficially appears that there is little coordination between the works of art – and this would make sense, given that the cultivators of the collection probably have a limited pool of art to select from, and the development of themes would be incredibly difficult. A closer ins pection, however, reveals that this collection seems to have gone out of its way to highlight many different forms of painting, and to perhaps display the breadth of opportunity provided by the medium of painting, and the breadth of talent available at the university. It does not, thus, harp on at length on any one subject or theme, but skips around, highlighting as many vastly different subjects and styles as possible. The collection thus houses everything from abstract to the incredibly concrete.

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of Essay

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of life on planet earth - Essay Example The baseball game at Fenway Park is one of the most spectacular sports played in the field, a form of entertainment that yearly will flood the stadium with thousands of spectators who are certified baseball enthusiasts. Although some of them are just mere spectators with no particular affinity for a baseball game, they will always find themselves entertained with the game. This is because the baseball game at Fenway Park is already a historic event and a significant part of the human life on earth, as sports cannot be separated from the lives of the people. In the first place, people on earth have the affinity for not only being entertained with the actual sports, but on finding who will win in the game, or the best at playing the sports. The winners in every sport are usually considered the best. Therefore, every player definitely would want to win. In particular, many spectators are looking forward to how the Boston Red Sox would defeat their opponents and bring home the victory. O n the other side, the opponents of Boston Red Sox are thinking the same thing, and so they have in mind to play their best and for them to bring home the trophy. Baseball is a bat-and-ball game. This is a kind of game that is played not only by a one individual, but a team which is composed of nine players. The game is to be played by two competing teams, having nine players each. In every game, one team must be assigned for batting and the other for fielding. The team in batting should hit the ball thrown by the pitcher assigned coming from the fielding team, so that the players in the batting team can run counterclockwise around the arrays of four bases arranged separately at a specific but equal distance in the field in a diamond-like shape. The goal of the fielding team is to achieve three outs from the batting team, by eliminating possible runs from the batting team to the bases.

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and Essay

Divorce rate throughout the world, causes of, disadvantages and advantages of - Essay Example Some people think that cohabitation which can be loosely described as an act of indulging in sexual intercourse between two people leads to a lasting relationship. Various sociological researches have indicated that there are dangers such as divorce likely to be encountered by couples who cohabitate before they get married or those who cohabitate with multiple partners. Some couples use sex as a way of measuring if true love exists between them but chances of divorce are very high since there will be no commitment to each other among these people (Champlin, 2003). Sociological researches have shown that cohabitors before marriage report low satisfaction with their marriages that non cohabitors. About 50 % of cohabitors often experience conflicts which often lead to bitter divorces (Champlin, 2003). The rate of divorce is higher among the young couples compared to adult people as a result of the fact that young people in particular expect more from each other (Seiler, 2002). Instead of communicating and settling differences in an amicable way, some people tend to use violence to subdue their partners. Thus, lack of intimacy and communication characterised by violence between a couple can lead to divorce (Wynne & Wynne, 1986). Research has shown that chances of child abuse are very high among couples who have divorced than those still living together. According to Champlin (2003), children belonging to divorced parents often experience cases of child abuse more than those living with both parents. Divorced couples often find it difficult to relate with close relatives. Some of the people are bitter such that they find it difficult to fit in the society. This bitterness negatively impacts on their welfare since they may end up living solitary life (Weinberger, Hofstein, & Whitbourne, 2009). In certain circumstances, divorce is the best solution to couples who always engage in bitter and often violent conflicts. This

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of Essay

A martain is your target reader, has no knowledge or understanding of life on planet earth - Essay Example The baseball game at Fenway Park is one of the most spectacular sports played in the field, a form of entertainment that yearly will flood the stadium with thousands of spectators who are certified baseball enthusiasts. Although some of them are just mere spectators with no particular affinity for a baseball game, they will always find themselves entertained with the game. This is because the baseball game at Fenway Park is already a historic event and a significant part of the human life on earth, as sports cannot be separated from the lives of the people. In the first place, people on earth have the affinity for not only being entertained with the actual sports, but on finding who will win in the game, or the best at playing the sports. The winners in every sport are usually considered the best. Therefore, every player definitely would want to win. In particular, many spectators are looking forward to how the Boston Red Sox would defeat their opponents and bring home the victory. O n the other side, the opponents of Boston Red Sox are thinking the same thing, and so they have in mind to play their best and for them to bring home the trophy. Baseball is a bat-and-ball game. This is a kind of game that is played not only by a one individual, but a team which is composed of nine players. The game is to be played by two competing teams, having nine players each. In every game, one team must be assigned for batting and the other for fielding. The team in batting should hit the ball thrown by the pitcher assigned coming from the fielding team, so that the players in the batting team can run counterclockwise around the arrays of four bases arranged separately at a specific but equal distance in the field in a diamond-like shape. The goal of the fielding team is to achieve three outs from the batting team, by eliminating possible runs from the batting team to the bases.

Blood and Treasure by Kris James Mitchener and Joseph Mason Article

Blood and Treasure by Kris James Mitchener and Joseph Mason - Article Example History demonstrates, after all, that the post-Great Depression government and Federal Reserve were wholly unsuccessful, and mostly unable, to time their exit strategy appropriately. The metaphor of blood and treasurer in Mitchener and Mason is an appropriate one in that it connects economics with society. The connection between the government and the economy has always been a controversial one, but at moments of crisis, it becomes apparent that the government feels responsible for aiding the economy by adopting economic policies. During the Great Depression, this took the form of minimizing inflation and lowering interest rates, which is very similar to the monetary policy in reaction to the current financial crisis. Both of these strategies intend to achieve an optimal point between too much and too little, where too little makes it appear that the government is ineffective at solving economic problems (i.e. lost treasure) and where too much leads to unemployment and losses in output (i.e. lost blood). In this article, the authors attempt to provide an account of not only providing emergency assistance for an economy from the perspective of policymakers but al so providing a framework for transitioning away from the policies that could harm long-term recovery. Ultimately, this account is useful, but it is not useful in building predictions. In their introduction, Mitchener and Mason introduce a concept more frequently heard in foreign policy than in economic studies: that of â€Å"exit strategy†. In this context, the term is meant to refer to the shift back to economic conditions like steady-state growth, which encompasses stability in inflation and government intervention in the economy.

The differences in ethical and Christian views concerning homosexuality Essay Example for Free

The differences in ethical and Christian views concerning homosexuality Essay Homosexuality is a subject, which is forever being raised in todays media and society. It is constantly brought to the attention of many to be somewhat reassessed in terms of ethical and religious view points, whether through the newspapers or the television. While religious view points used to manipulate society in all matters, it now seems to be the media which influences and guides social attitudes towards homosexuality. For many years, it has been seen as intrinsically wrong to everybody, religious and secular. However, it is fast becoming more and more accepted by a larger number of people. Just the mention of homosexuality in a Roman Catholic Church is bound to be frowned upon or combated with a quick fire of biblical references to show you that homosexuality is wrong in the eyes of God. Catholicism has often been blamed for the development of homophobia, particularly in the West. While this may seem a little unfair, it is most certainly true that homophobia is ubiquitous within this Christian denomination. Many Catholics often refer to what few references there are in the Bible to the subject of homosexuality. For example, the story of the town called Sodom (Gen. 19-21) is one of the most famous indications that people often refer to. Here, a man named Lot is greeted by two of Gods divine messengers, who wish to warn Lot that God is displeased with the terrible behavior. He then receives men at his door saying that they wish to commit sexual acts with these divine messengers and in response to this, God burns the town to the ground. Christians believe that this was because of the men wishing to commit homosexual acts. They feel that there is no necessary analysis of this story as the message is quite clear. Jack T. Chick is a publisher of fundamentalist Christian leaflets and comic books. In one of his childrens comic books, entitled Birds and Bees, he wrote, The worst city was Sodom. These Sodomites worshipped Satan, were possessed with devils and they hated God. Their stink reached heaven and God was fed up with them. He planned to destroy them to keep their filthy lifestyle from spreading. As soon as they got Lot and his family out of Sodom, God firebombed the cities and turned them into ashes. Today, those same kinds of people are back, but now theyre called Gays! This opinion is shared by many Christians today and is often the message, which is portrayed through Christian propaganda such as this. From looking at this sort of publication, it is easy to see why Catholics are so frequently blamed for the development of homophobia. However, many Catholics today argue that this was simply a misinterpretation of the biblical reference itself. John Macquarrie and James Childress wrote in the New Dictionary of Christian Ethics To the extent that the Sodom story focuses on homosexual acts, the judgment is on the homosexual rape of divine messengers, and its larger judgment appears to be against social injustice and inhospitality to strangers (see Ezek. 16:49-50). They clearly state that the passage in the bible is not about the homosexual acts themselves, but the wish to do it without consent, implying that homosexual acts are perfectly okay as long as they are with two compliant adults. Not only this, but God was displeased with how the men acted towards guests when they should have been hospitable in a more Christian and loving way. There are many other examples of homosexual references in the bible, such as the Levitical Holiness Code (Lev. 18:22; 20:13), which prescribes the death penalty for homosexual acts. The NT (New Testament) calls homosexual acts idolatry (Rom. 1:26-27) and suggests that certain homosexual activity will deny you entry into Gods Kingdom (1 Cor. 6:9-10, 1 Tim. 1:9-10) But yet again, Macquarrie and Childress argue the same thing. They wrote, The references in 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy quite clearly take the sordid and dehumanizing dimensions of Greco-Roman pederasty as their image of homosexual relations. Macquarrie and Childress argue that the reference in 1 Corinthians and 1 Timothy are in reference to relations between men and boys and not in fact between two grown men. This changes the meaning entirely of the supposed reference to homosexuality, as we know very well that relations between men and boys is still found highly unacceptable and illegal even in todays society, not just in the religious circles. This is a highly different interpretation to what most Catholics would agree with, however, as times change many Catholics are actually considering these alternative interpretations to meet with the ever changing ethical views of society. There were many others to follow Macquarrie and Childress in re-interpreting the Bible and its rules on homosexuality. Many criticized Catholics for ignoring other rules that suited them but sticking to the rules about homosexuality because they didnt like the idea. In his book, Ethical Studies, David Bowie wrote The bible condemns hypocrisy and greed, but no one died at the stake in medieval times for these offences, while homosexuals perished. This view was shared by the likes of John Boswell (1982) and Gareth Moore (1992). Moore wrote, in his book The Body in Context: Sex and Catholicism (1992), that Christians dont follow the rule in Leviticus 19:19 that states that wearing garments that are made of two types of material is forbidden. He goes further to say that we ignore the laws, which are convenient to us while pursuing those that attack minorities that we dont like (pp. 184-186). He too agrees with the interpretation of the Sodom story, which states that God was troubled by the failure to meet the responsibility of hospitality, as oppose to disapproving homosexuality (p. 191). St. Paul wrote that homosexuality often comes from godless people who lead a precarious lifestyle. In 1 Corinthians he lists all kinds of unrighteous people including male prostitutes and sodomites. He says that people engaging in same sex actions are dishonoring their bodies. He also writes about men committing shameless acts with men. Moore also criticizes this idea from St. Paul. Moore argues that, whilst this may have been true in St. Pauls lifetime, it certainly isnt true now; with the fact there are many holy, Christian homosexuals around today who just want to be accepted. This doesnt fit into St. Pauls argument of godless homosexuals. While biblical references are very powerful to Catholics as Gods spoken word, there are also many modern day references that are used by Catholics such as the Declaration on Sexual Ethics (1975) which states In Sacred Scripture homosexual acts are condemned as a serious depravity and even presented as a sad consequence of rejecting God. This judgment of scripture does not, of course, permit us to conclude that all those who suffer from this anomaly are personally responsible for it, but it does attest to the fact that homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered and cannot be approved of. This seems to express the general view of conservative Catholics and provides another reason for practicing Catholics to be against homosexuality even if it is not entirely what they think. If it is written in something as serious as the Declaration on Sexual Ethics, people feel that they must follow it no matter what simply because they dont want to go against their religion. Disagreeing with this documentation would be opposing what the modern day Catholicism is requiring them to do and therefore many Catholics see it as intrinsically wrong to be homosexual, no matter what the reasons or circumstances. As well as actual textual references that say homosexuality is wrong, there are many other arguments that are always put forward by Catholics. Perhaps the most famous was that developed by Thomas Aquinas, called The Natural Law. This is the idea that sex is only for pro-creation, that is having children. He argues that this is why God gave us the sexual organs and using them for anything other than reproduction would be to misuse our bodies. Of course, this includes any form of homosexual activity and many Christians stick to this rule explicitly. This means, however, that some Christians find it perfectly acceptable to be homosexual but remain celibate throughout their entire lifetime. There are several Christian denominations that do find forms of homosexuality acceptable. Quakers say that homosexuality is no more deplorable than left-handedness and that it is the nature and quality of the relationship that matters. This means that as long as the relationship is a loving and caring relationship then it is perfectly acceptable no matter who is involved. This view is shared by the Methodist denomination of Christianity, which states that For homosexual men and women, permanent relationships characterized by love can be an appropriate and Christian way of expressing their sexuality. Many Christians believe that the most important teaching of Jesus was that you must love each other and treat each other how you would like to be treated. In this case, we must treat homosexuals with respect and not judge them for their way of living. We must show compassion for every human being, no matter what his or her race, creed or sexuality. While these religious views are still seen as highly acceptable, it is fast becoming the ethical views that are dominating the societys opinion of homosexuality. Due to the investigation into the cause of homosexuality, many people now believe that being a homosexual is something that you do not choose to be, something that you cannot change about yourself. The causes of homosexuality can often be split up into different categories; biological, psychoanalytical and social learning theories. And of course many doctors and psychologists seem to go for a combination of all three. However, despite the general consensus that we do not know the cause of homosexuality, there have been certain aspects of it that people agree on. For example, we know that it seems to become fixed in early childhood, usually by the age of seven. This is said to be not of the individuals own choice. Another agreement is that while efforts to change ones sexual practices may be successful, it will not change the sexual orientation of the individual and things such as feelings and desires. And finally, people agree upon the fact that most people are neither exclusively heterosexual nor homosexual but that they have leading predispositions towards either orientation. With these ethical considerations in mind, many people take these into deliberation when making judgments or decisions about homosexuality. People often question whether homosexuality actually is a moral issue. Not all Christians would find these biblical references useful or even relevant to the modern day debate as to whether homosexuality is right or wrong. We also have to consider the views of those who dont follow the Christian tradition at all. At which point does homosexuality become a moral problem for people in society? Surely sexual acts that occur between two consenting adults, homosexual or heterosexual, are perfectly okay in the privacy of their own homes. True, people shouldnt be exposed to things that they may find offensive in their opinion but it doesnt mean that they can stop other people from doing so. Of course there has been the issue of homosexuality in the law. What is legal is not necessarily the same as what is moral. Up until 1967, it was illegal to perform sexual acts at any time in any place. However, the 1967 Sexual Offences Act legalized homosexuality but many people still think it should be against the law. J.S. Mill claimed The only purpose for which power can be rightfully be exercised over any member of a civilized community against his will is to prevent harm to others. This opinion was shared by John Rawls who stated every person has a right to the maximum amount of liberty compatible with allowing liberty for all.(Ethics: Homosexuality by Reg Luhman p.20) This means that every individual, homosexual or heterosexual has the right to do whatever he or she want as long as it doesnt harm other people. He questions why people think they have the right to deny some human beings of their right to be homosexual and happy at the same time. However, Lord Devlin challenged this. He stated in his lecture on the reinforcement of morals, that homosexuality could damage our societys status and that allowing homosexuality to exist legally could jeopardize this. He believes that a society must do what it takes to preserve its own existence even if this means illegalizing homosexual acts in private between consenting adults. H.L.A. Hart criticized Devlin for this, drawing divisions between what is immoral and what is an upset to public civility. It brings attention to the fact that sexual acts between husband and wife would be seen as perfectly okay as long as it was in private but if it public then it would be considered immoral. However, sexual acts between two homosexuals would be considered immoral whether it was private or in public. He says The idea that we may punish offenders against a moral code, not to prevent harm or suffering or even repetition of the offence but simply as a means of venting or emphatically expressing moral condemnation, is uncomfortably close to human sacrifice as an expression of religious worship. The fact that humans can punish other humans for doing nothing but expressing their sexuality seems morally wrong in itself. To punish someone for something which they cannot help and did not choose is a far greater and unchristian way of dealing with the issue than allowing them to be homosexual in the privacy of their own homes etc. Joseph Fletcher argued that any of the 10 commandments or moral values could be broken if the circumstances required people to do so. He proposed the idea of situation ethics, which suggested that acts should be committed depending on what would be the most loving thing to do. The obvious problem with this is that we cannot know the outcome of any action and so we cannot determine what the most loving thing to do would be. But in the situation where two people love each other very much and feel that they must find a way to express their love, Fletcher would argue that they should be allowed to express it simply because they are acting out of love for each other and not causing any harm to anybody. With these considerations in mind, people still find homosexuality immorally wrong, whether theyre religious or not. Many people call it unnatural and against what man was made to do, so to speak. Natural would be to preserve the human race and of course, homosexual relationship do not do this. Charles Darwin proposed the idea of Naturalistic Humes Law which said that just because things are natural does not mean they are good and just because things are artificial or unnatural does not mean they are evil or bad. If we put this into modern day perspective we can see that, while homosexuality may be considered unnatural (which it may or may not be depending on ones opinion), it does not mean it is necessarily wrong. This seems to suggest that the question of whether homosexuality is natural or unnatural is irrelevant because that factor doesnt contribute to whether it is right or wrong, moral or immoral. In conclusion, it seems that there will probably always be an issue with homosexuality and religious groups until religious leaders are willing to see alternative interpretations of their sacred texts. However, it does seem that many people are beginning to accept homosexuality into society without the consideration of religion. The media has heavily influenced the acceptance of homosexuality as well as the legalizing of it in 1967. In a few years times, homophobia should be almost non-existent, excluding the religious groups who arent willing to change their views with the modern day times. We could argue forever which view is more right in terms or morals and religious aspects but in the end it depends entirely upon personal opinion and we cannot force people to be okay with something as controversial as this. Homophobia should be something, which will diminish given time. Bibliography Ethical Studies David Bowie (2001) Groundwork of Christian Ethics Richard G. Jones (1984) A New Dictionary of Christian Ethics Edited by John Macquarrie and James Childress (1986) Religious Studies Sarah K. Tyler and Gordon Reid (2002) On Liberty J.S. Mill (1859) The Body In Context: Sex and Catholicism- Gareth Moore (1992) Rediscovering Gay History: Archetypes of Gay Love in Christian History John Boswell (1982) Ethics: Homosexuality Reg Luhman (1999)